The BATTLE Continues: Fighting Lung Cancer Tube. Duration : 2.47 Mins.
The BATTLE grant consists of an "umbrella trial" plus four phase II clinical trials. To be eligible for the BATTLE trials, patients must have a diagnosis of stage IIIB, stage IV, or advanced, incurable non-small cell lung cancer, confirmed by tumor biopsy and/or fine-needle aspiration, and have received at least one chemotherapy regimen. Umbrella Trial All patients who meet the eligibility criteria are enrolled in the Umbrella trial and undergo a tumor biomarker analysis, the results of which determine assignment to one of the four phase II clinical trials. The goal is to assign a patient to the clinical trial that offers the best benefit based on the characteristics of his/her tissue biomarker profile; in other words, treatment is individualized. Clinical Trials The primary objective of each of the four phase II clinical studies is to determine after the second cycle of treatment (eight weeks) if the patient's disease has progressed. This will be determined by chest X-ray, CT or MRI scan, and optional re-biopsy of the tumor. Patients with no progression of disease will continue on the treatment. Patients whose disease has progressed will not be eligible to continue treatment on that particular study, but will be eligible to pursue other treatments, such as one of the other BATTLE clinical trials: Erlotinib (Tarceva™): Patients will be treated with erlotinib once daily without interruption. A four week (28 days) period of treatment will be considered one cycle of therapy ...
Pneumonia is an inflammation and subsequent infection of the lungs. It can cause mystery with breathing, furnish a cough and cause chest pain. Pneumonia can influence either one or both of your lungs and varied forms exist of the disease. It is known that the most coarse cause of pneumonia is a pulmonary infection linked with viruses or gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. Some infectious agents that share both the similarities of viruses and bacteria can also cause pneumonia.
Aspiration pneumonia is caused by the inhalation of foreign materials: liquids, dust particles, chemical fumes and other irritants. This type of pneumonia mostly coarse affects small children, but adults are not immune to it, because they have inhaled either vomit or food. The symptoms of Aspiration pneumonia are not all the time intense and may disappear within a few days, but in rare cases the aspiration of either food or vomit can succeed in respiratory arrest and death. The main symptoms of Aspiration pneumonia include: a dry cough, chest pain and soreness, wheezing while normal breathing, and mystery in breathing. It is advisable to see your doctor if you taste any of these symptoms.
Lung Aspiration
Viral pneumonia is very coarse form of pneumonia affecting children, teenagers and the elderly. It can sometimes be mistaken for either the flu or a cold. Viral pneumonia presents the following symptoms: inflammation of the throat, productive or non-productive cough, a swelling in the lymph nodes, chest pain while breathing, mild to severe ill and a generalized feeling of fatigue. The cough may or may not furnish varying amounts of mucus. You may also taste a mild fever and chills.
What Are the Warning Signs of Pneumonia You Should Know
Lung, Pleura, and Mediastinum (Guides to Clinical Aspiration Biopsy) Best
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Bacterial pneumonia is a more severe form and can furnish symptoms that are more intense. The bacterial forms of pneumonia seem to be more coarse in adults and those who have a weak immune system. Bacterial pneumonia can cause symptoms such as: a high fever, sweating excessively, a productive (mucus-producing) cough, Sob (shortness of breath), chest pain and pain (a feeling of soreness when breathing), nausea with abdominal pain, muscular pain and a pronounced body weakness. A valuable symptom of Bacterial pneumonia is cyanosis, which is a bluish coloring on the lips and fingernail beds, because of inadequate blood oxygenation. Also the man may cough up a greenish to brown-colored mucus. There may also be traces of blood in more advanced stages.
Walking pneumonia or Mycoplasma pneumonia can be hit anyone, as your health health and age do not matter. This type of pneumonia is generally mild. It can furnish symptoms of: a cough with mucus, some chest pain from inordinate coughing, mystery with your breathing, mild ill and fatigue. You may also taste a minute fever, the chills, nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting. Walking Pneumonia tends to compose moderately and you may not taste any of the symptoms until any weeks after becoming infected. Although this type of pneumonia is not undoubtedly determined to be serious, it is strongly advised that you see your doctor if you taste any of the above symptoms.
Since Pneumonia is a very contagious illness and the infectious agents that cause the disease are transmitted through the air we all breathe, it is very easy to become infected simply through breathing. Given the fact that the respiratory system has its own natural defenses of nasal hairs, mucus and the cilia), some of the microorganisms are still able to penetrate into the lungs and cause both the inflammation and infection. Once the microorganisms are able to break through our natural body defenses, the fumes, irritants, viruses and bacteria are able to swiftly spread inside the alveoli (tiny clusters of air sacs where the change of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place) and this can cause serious damage to the lungs, if untreated.
Pneumonia can assault anyone, since age is not a factor. It is a fact that elderly people and very young children are the most likely targets to developing pneumonia. You may also be very susceptible to developing pneumonia if you have a weak immune systems, suffer from chronic pulmonary obstructive diseases (Copd), other internal dysfunctions (liver, kidney problems), have had chemotherapy or have gone through a modern surgical procedures.
Walking pneumonia used to be responsible for the deaths of thousands before antibiotics were discovered and the availability of the pneumonia vaccination. Most people who have walking pneumonia will confuse the symptoms with the flu (influenza) and if the wrong rehabilitation is used, it can improve further.
Pneumonia can spread rapidly in schools, army barracks or any place where there are large numbers of people where they are relatively close together and the microorganisms can undoubtedly be transmitted through a simple cough or sneeze from an infected person. The first symptom can be a mild sore throat that worsens each day. Then a dry cough is noticed. You may taste a normal state of fatigue all the time.
The real question to be implicated with is that the initial symptoms of pneumonia can be the same as a cold or the flu. After developing the cough, a mild fever may also appear, followed by a runny nose, exactly as when you have a cold. The first major clue that indicates you do not have a simple cold is that the frequent or inordinate coughing is not cured with the normal medications. This is because the bacteria that undoubtedly cause pneumonia answer only to antibiotics and can only be treated with antibiotics. Even though you may have taken cough medicine, it continues to get worse until you begin rehabilitation with antibiotics.
Try and remember the symptoms and facts about pneumonia as it can save you a lot of time and issue from confusing the signs of pneumonia with the flu, but if you do have the symptoms of pneumonia, you need to see your doctor as soon as inherent and avoid the illness from becoming more serious. It is undoubtedly no fun to cough so hard that it makes your chest hurt, or cough up nasty looking mucus or to have issue breathing. Pneumonia is treatable with the definite medications.
What Are the Warning Signs of Pneumonia You Should KnowBronchoscopy Step by step Techniques 2 Tube. Duration : 6.15 Mins.
Learn Bronchoscopy. This lesson covers basic diagnostic procedures such as brushing, biopsy, and conventional transbronchial needle aspiration.
CAT Scan Guided Biopsy of a Lung Lesion Tube. Duration : 4.42 Mins.
This patient education video explains CAT scan guided biopsy of a lung lesion. The program extensively discusses the reasonable risks and complications of the procedure and what to expect afterwards.
Re: Tired Tongue Video Clips. Duration : 1.88 Mins.
8 months post anterior cervical spinal fusion, my tongue is not caved in the middle, as on the prior video. There are hardly any jerky movements of the tongue, and I am able to keep it in midline for a period of time. Occasionally, the tip of the tongue wavers but if I relax, the wavering goes away. This perhaps is evidence that it is ok for me to swallow food now. Before, I was unable to swallow and I had a 'tired' tongue. Now, I am able to swallow and although my tongue gets tired, it is able to remain in place without fasiculations. Perhaps this is a Bedside Tongue Test which can predict the Barium Swallow. Perhaps it can negate the need for a Barium Swallow, because if you can not hold your tongue out, perhaps it is that you do not have the muscle strength and coordination to swallow without food going to your lungs. Food in the lungs can lead to aspiration pneumonia and death. If you choke on your food, you may need to be seen for examination of your swallowing mechanism. I hope none of you get dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) after anterior spinal fusion surgery, as I did. But perhaps it is useful that I did this, and it seems to 'connect' tongue strength with swallowing and perhaps further studies are needed to show whether there is a correlation between this Bedside Tongue Test and the Barium Swallow.
Starr was a beautiful 11-yr old Black Lab, who suffered from Laryngeal Paralysis, where her larynx would not close completely when she swallowed, causing hacking and 'huffing and puffing', similar to when we swallow something, and it 'goes down the wrong pipe'. She had this for 7 months and thousands of dollars in tests (she was in no pain, but could not be cured) before finally getting aspiration pnemonia from saliva in her lungs. With broken hearts, we let her go in 2011 peacefully. We hope this helps someone recognize the condition if your pet has it. We miss her dearly..
Part 2 - Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis (Chs 06-09) Video Clips. Duration : 131.55 Mins.
Part 2. Classic Literature VideoBook with synchronized text, interactive transcript, and closed captions in multiple languages. Audio courtesy of Librivox. Read by Mike Vendetti. Playlist for Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis: www.youtube.com
Hydrochloric acid is a corrosive chemical which can harm you by inhalation (breathing its vapors), by ingestion (swallowing it), or by feel with the skin or eyes. Hydrochloric acid is a colorless or yellow liquid which has a sharp, pungent odor and gives off fumes.
A spill should be responded to by trained personnel following containment and clean up procedures. The original goal is to safe people, then clear the area, and consist of the spill. The allowable personal protective tool should be used and way to the area should be denied. All employees should have regular training in spill control as well as first aid measures to be taken in case of injury.
Lung Aspiration
Inhalation - Breathing
First Aid Measures For taste With Hydrochloric Acid
Malignant Mesothelioma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Translational Therapies Best
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Malignant Mesothelioma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Translational Therapies Overview
Malignant Mesothelioma brings together the most current diagnostic criteria and treatment plans from the world’s leading experts on this rare but devastating cancer. The first edition was a critical and commercial success and this revision builds on that reputation. The editors have brought together the world’s leading experts to fully explore the latest scientific breakthroughs in carcinogenesis, immunotherapy, potential vaccination strategies, and gene therapy. The clinical aspects of the book are equally strong, with thorough discussion of epidemiology, etiology, different clinical presentations, imaging (including interventional pulmonology), treatment of benign disease, strategies for multimodality treatment of malignant disease.
Editors: Harvey I. Pass, M.D, Chief, Thoracic Surgery, New York University, New York, NY; Nicholas Vogelzang, M.D, Director, Nevada Cancer Institute, Las Vegas, NV; University of Chicago, Michele Carbone, M.D., Ph.D, Researcher and Director, Thoracic Oncology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; and Anne S. Tsao, M.D, Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
Malignant Mesothelioma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Translational Therapies Specifications
Malignant Mesothelioma brings together the most current diagnostic criteria and treatment plans from the world’s leading experts on this rare but devastating cancer. The first edition was a critical and commercial success and this revision builds on that reputation. The editors have brought together the world’s leading experts to fully explore the latest scientific breakthroughs in carcinogenesis, immunotherapy, potential vaccination strategies, and gene therapy. The clinical aspects of the book are equally strong, with thorough discussion of epidemiology, etiology, different clinical presentations, imaging (including interventional pulmonology), treatment of benign disease, strategies for multimodality treatment of malignant disease.
Editors: Harvey I. Pass, M.D, Chief, Thoracic Surgery, New York University, New York, NY; Nicholas Vogelzang, M.D, Director, Nevada Cancer Institute, Las Vegas, NV; University of Chicago, Michele Carbone, M.D., Ph.D, Researcher and Director, Thoracic Oncology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; and Anne S. Tsao, M.D, Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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Prolonged exposure to the mist or vapor from concentrated solutions can cause ulcers and burns in the nose and throat. Breathing these fumes can cause coughing, choking and respiratory difficulty. Severe exposure for just a few minutes may supervene in a life threatening accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) and lead to respiratory collapse and death. These severe symptoms may not appear for some hours after exposure.
Swallowing - Ingestion
If swallowed, it can cause corrosive burns to mouth, throat, esophagus and stomach. It causes swallowing difficulty, intense thirst, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and, in severe cases, collapse and death. If a small amount of acid enters the lung during ingestion or aspiration during vomiting, it can cause serious lung damage leading to death.
Eyes
It irritates the eyes causes burns of the surface of the eye which may supervene in blindness. Very low concentrations of hydrochloric acid vapors or mist can be immediately irritating, causing flush of the eyes.
Skin
Hydrochloric Acid can cause severe irritation and burning of the skin which may supervene in blistering and permanent scars. Continued and repeated exposure to dilute solutions often causes irritation, redness, pain, drying and cracking of the skin.
First Aid Measures
Inhalation - Breathing
If vapors, mists or sprays have been inhaled, remove the victim to fresh air.
Get curative help Immediately! Symptoms of respiratory distress may not appear for up to 48 hours after exposure.
Do not give synthetic respiration unless you are sure breathing has stopped.
Start Cpr if there is no pulse or breathing but use a pocket mask with a one way valve or allowable respiratory device, such as an Ambu bag.
Do Not use mouth to mouth resuscitation if the victim swallowed or inhaled the acid.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Swallowing- Ingestion
Call Poison control and 911 immediately.
Do Not Induce Vomiting!
Get Immediate curative help.
The victim should rinse mouth well with large amounts of water and should try to drink at least 1 glass of water to dilute the swallowed acid.
If vomiting occurs, have the victim lean forward with head down to avoid breathing in or choking on vomited material.
If the victim is unconscious, can't swallow, or is having seizures do not try to give any liquid or induce vomiting.
Eye Exposure
Immediately flush eyes with copious amounts of water.
Hold eyelids open to ensure complete irrigation of the eyes and eyelids.
Do not use any eye drops
Get Immediate curative Attention.
An eye wash hub should all the time be nearby wherever this chemical is used.
Skin feel
Immediately flush exposed areas with large amounts of water and then, if a large area of the body is contaminated or the clothing has been saturated, immediately use a safety shower.
Remove contaminated clothing while in shower.
Flush exposed areas thoroughly with large amounts of water.
Wash feel areas with soap and water.
Keep affected areas of body cool
Seek Immediate curative Attention.
Clothing should be well washed before re-use
Contaminated shoes should be disposed of.
Planning and regular training for all employees on handling a chemical spill and first aid in case of exposure will heighten the response in an emergency.
First Aid Measures For taste With Hydrochloric Acidforeign body aspiration - corpo estranho - sponge Tube. Duration : 0.90 Mins.
Extracting a sponge with rigid bronchoscope from the right lung broncoscopia bronchoscopy
Tags: bronchoscopy, broncoscopia, foreign, body, aspiration, aspiracao, de, corpo, estranho
Paraesophageal Hernia Pulmonary Effects video - Animation by Cal Shipley, MD Trial Image Inc. Tube. Duration : 1.67 Mins.
3D animation of effect of paraesophageal hernia on the lungs. Depicts reduction in lung volume as well as aspiration of stomach contents during hours of sleep. www.trialimagestore.com
The poo babies pass after they are born, sometimes they pass it whilst still in the womb- Consultant Neonatologist Dr Ryan Watkins explains about the danger of meconium aspiration
Keywords: Meconium, meconium aspiration, fetal heart monitoring, birth, labour, pregnancy, hospital birth, Dr Ryan Watkins, Meconium aspiration syndrome, lung disease, ventilation, My, TV
Part 2 - The Sea Cook - Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson (Chs 7-12) Tube. Duration : 74.25 Mins.
Part Two: The Sea Cook.Classic Literature VideoBook with synchronized text, interactive transcript, and closed captions in multiple languages. Audio courtesy of Librivox. Read by Adrian Praetzellis. To view the book in separate chapters, go to this playlist: www.youtube.com If you would prefer to watch in the 6 original parts, go to this playlist: www.youtube.com
The Call of the Wild by Jack London - Whole Book Video Clips. Duration : 212.40 Mins.
Classic Literature VideoBook with synchronized text, interactive transcript, and closed captions in multiple languages. Audio courtesy of Librivox. Read by Tom Crawford.
Inflammation of the Pleura is called Pleurisy. In dry Pleurisy, the pleural surfaces are inflamed without fluid in in the middle of them. In many cases pleurisy is connected with effusion. Both dry pleurisy and pleural effusion may form at different stages of the same disease process.
Dry or fibrinous pleurisy: The pleura gets involved from the disease of the fundamental lung. Trauma to the chest may also lead to Pleurisy. The suggestive symptom is the catching pain felt acutely over the affected area by inspiratory movements brought about by deep breathing, coughing or sneezing. Its etiology are as follows: Pulmonary tuberculosis, Pneumonia, bronchogenic carcinoma, pulmonary infarction, connective tissue disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, and rheumatoid disease), rheumatic fever, viral infections (especially Coxsackie [Bornholm disease), hepatopulmonary amoebiasis, and uraemia.
Lung Aspiration
The corporal test reveals diminution of movement on the affected side and the presence of pleural friction rub on auscultation. Pleural rub has a superficial grafting quality. The rub is heard best by polite pressure of the chest piece of the stethoscope on the chest wall. Unlike rales, it is not altered by coughing. With the improvement of pleural effusion, the rub may disappear in most cases. Pleural rub has to be distinguished from crepitations and sounds arising from movements of the chest wall. Other painful conditions like Pneumonia, myocardial infarction, and herpes Zoster have to be differentiated from pleurisy.
Disease of the Pleura and Pulmonary Cysts
Malignant Mesothelioma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Translational Therapies Best
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Malignant Mesothelioma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Translational Therapies Overview
Malignant Mesothelioma brings together the most current diagnostic criteria and treatment plans from the world’s leading experts on this rare but devastating cancer. The first edition was a critical and commercial success and this revision builds on that reputation. The editors have brought together the world’s leading experts to fully explore the latest scientific breakthroughs in carcinogenesis, immunotherapy, potential vaccination strategies, and gene therapy. The clinical aspects of the book are equally strong, with thorough discussion of epidemiology, etiology, different clinical presentations, imaging (including interventional pulmonology), treatment of benign disease, strategies for multimodality treatment of malignant disease.
Editors: Harvey I. Pass, M.D, Chief, Thoracic Surgery, New York University, New York, NY; Nicholas Vogelzang, M.D, Director, Nevada Cancer Institute, Las Vegas, NV; University of Chicago, Michele Carbone, M.D., Ph.D, Researcher and Director, Thoracic Oncology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; and Anne S. Tsao, M.D, Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
Malignant Mesothelioma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Translational Therapies Specifications
Malignant Mesothelioma brings together the most current diagnostic criteria and treatment plans from the world’s leading experts on this rare but devastating cancer. The first edition was a critical and commercial success and this revision builds on that reputation. The editors have brought together the world’s leading experts to fully explore the latest scientific breakthroughs in carcinogenesis, immunotherapy, potential vaccination strategies, and gene therapy. The clinical aspects of the book are equally strong, with thorough discussion of epidemiology, etiology, different clinical presentations, imaging (including interventional pulmonology), treatment of benign disease, strategies for multimodality treatment of malignant disease.
Editors: Harvey I. Pass, M.D, Chief, Thoracic Surgery, New York University, New York, NY; Nicholas Vogelzang, M.D, Director, Nevada Cancer Institute, Las Vegas, NV; University of Chicago, Michele Carbone, M.D., Ph.D, Researcher and Director, Thoracic Oncology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; and Anne S. Tsao, M.D, Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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Pleural effusion: In this condition, fluid accumulates in the middle of the two layers of the pleura. Normally, pleura contains only a small estimate of fluid. The pleural fluid remains in dynamic balance with blood. Movements of the lung favour the movement of the fluid in and out of the pleural space. In most of the disease states, absorption of the fluid is reduced. The fluid may be contained in the normal pleural space or it may be loculated in the interlobar fissure, infrapulmonary space or may remain adjacent to the mediastinum. The fluid progressively compresses the subjacent lung which undergoes collapse.
The improvement of symptoms depends upon the speed of accumulation of fluid and its quantity. Tasteless symptoms contain dyspnea, pleuritic pain, or symptoms of the fundamental disorder. High fever may occur in acute pyogenic infections. Tuberculosis may be connected with lower grades of fever. Pleural fluid is clinically detectable only when it is about 500ml in volume but radiologically it may be detected even when the volume is only 350 ml. A fully developed moderate or massive effusion reveals abundance of the intercostal spaces and restriction of respiratory movements of the same side. Midline structures are shifted to the opposite side. Percussion elicits stony deadness with the highest level in the axilla and lower levels in front and back (S-shaped curve of Ellis). This is the most constant corporal sign. The Traube's space, which is the area overlying the gas bubble or the stomach, is obliterated in left-sided effusion. Breath sounds, vocal femitus and vocal resonance are diminished or absent. Aegophony may be present above the level of effusion. At times bronchial breathing may be heard over a pleural effusion.
Complications include: Respiratory embarrassment, massive bilateral effusions which may be fatal due to respiratory failure, secondary infection of the pleural fluid which converts it into empyema, society of fibrin from the fluid on the exterior of the collapsed lung (cortication) that prevents re-expansion, and fibrosis of the pleura and obliteration of the pleural space (fibrothorax) which form as a sequel to long standing pleural effusions.
Radiographic appearance: If the fluid volume is small only the costophrenic angles are obliterated. As the fluid accumulates further, it throws a triangular lateral opacity blurring the hemidiaphragm. Large pleural effusions shift the midline structures to the opposite side. An interlobar effusion in the oblique fissure produces an elongated cigar-shaped shadow seen best in the lateral view. Fluid in the horizontal fissure throws a rounded shadow seen in the Pa-view. The term "vanishing pulmonary tumor" has been used for inter-lobar effusions since they clear up with treatment.
Character of the fluid: Pleural fluids may be transudates or exudates. They differ in corporal and biochemical nature. Transudate (Clear, often bilateral, does not clot on standing, definite gravity less than 1015, protein content less than 3g/dL, cells less than 100/Cmm). Exudate (Opalescent or turbid, unilateral, often clots on standing, above 1015, above 3g/dL, cell count is high).
Congestive Cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, hypoproteinemia, constrictive pericarditis, and myxedema may cause transudation into the pleura. Exudates are caused by tuberculosis, Pneumonias, Pulmonary infarction, bronchogenic carcinoma, Pleural secondaries, dyscollagenoses and hepatopulmonary amoebiasis. Rare causes contain subphrenic abscess, postmyocardial infarction syndrome and acute pancreatitis. Tuberculous effusion is straw-coloured. The fluid is hemorrhagic in malignancy and infarction and it is chylous (milky) in lymphatic obstruction due to filariasis and lymphomas. Variety of purulent fluid in the pleura is called empyema.
Microscopy: In acute bacterial infections, neutrophils predominate, lymphocytes predominate in tuberculosis. Eosinophils may predominate in dyscollagenoses and pulmonary infarction. test of a wet establishment stained by methylene blue reveals malignant cells in over 90% of cases of malignant effusions. Identification of the nature of the malignant cells is done by Papanicolaou's technique. The nature of chylous fluid is confirmed by demonstrating the presence of fat. Elevated amylase levels are suggestive of acute pancreatitis (500 units/ml of higher). Values of Ldh are raised in exudates. Gram-staining, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, and culture help in identifying the causative microbes. When investigations, pleural biopsy may be attempted. Extra (Cope's) needles are available for this purpose. Though a obvious biopsy is diagnostic, a negative biopsy does not exclude pleural malignancy.
Principles of treatment Pleural effusion may rarely present as an emergency with respiratory embarrassment. In such cases, emergency measures are required to give relief-especially if the effusion is massive or bilateral. The fluid is aspirated by thoracentesis done in the eighth or ninth intercostal space in the posterior axillary line after anaesthetising the part. Enough fluid id removed to ease the distress. Whenever pleural fluid is aspirated, it is also subjected to diagnostic investigations.
Elective management Medical therapy is instituted depending on clinical features and pleural fluid analysis. It is ideal to aspirate the fluid after instituting definite drug therapy. Aspiration is indicated: to make the diagnosis; to ease distress and to remove the exudate so as to hasten full rescue of the pleura and avoid complications. It is generally advisable to restrict the volume of fluid removed at one sitting to 1 Liter or less in order to avoid pulmonary edema. Aspiration has to be repeated at times. Two or three aspirations will be Enough in most of the cases of tuberculous effusion. In malignant pleural fluid tends to re-accumulate even after repeated aspirations. Drugs used to be instilled intra-pleurally with the hope of raising the local attention of the drug. Intra-pleural supervision of drugs my be required only in some rare cases, if proper systemic therapy is given. Sometimes aspiration of the pleural cavity may give rise to complications. These contain pleural shock, anaphylactic shock due to anaesthetic, bleeding into the pleural cavity, pulmonary edema, infection, and accidental introduction of air into the pleura.
Pulmonary Cysts Cysts of the Lung may be congenital or acquired. Congenital cysts are of three varieties:
1. Bronchogenic-these may be solitary or multiple;
2. Alveolar cell types-these also may be solitary or multiple; and
3. Mixed types having elements of both bronchogenic and alveolar cysts.
These vary in size and may be unilateral or bilateral. They may be settled in any place in the lung. They are filled with fluid at birth, but air enter the cavity later when bronchial communications develop. The cyst may be thick- or thin- walled. Cystic disease of the Lung may occur in relationship with fibrocystic disease of the pancreas. This is Tasteless in Western countries, but is rare in Asia and Africa.
Acquired Cysts These may be resent bullous emphysema, subpleural ysts or parasitic cysts, which contain hydratid disease and paragonimiasis. The severity of symptoms is thought about by the extent, size, time of diagnosis, and presence of complications. When the lung parenchyma is grossly reduced, respiratory embarrassment and respiratory failure may develop. Super-added infection is Tasteless and this is characterised by fever, cough, purulent sputum, and even hemoptysis. Though pulmonary osteoarthropathy may occur, it is a late feature. This is in discrepancy to bronchiectasis, in which clubbing is an early feature. Potential complications are infection, hemoptysis, Pneumothorax, fibrosis, and Cor Pulmonale.
Diagnosis Cystic disease has to be suspected when a child presents with recurrent respiratory infections. presence of other congenital abnormalities should enlarge this suspicion. X-ray shows thin-walled cysts, which may be singular or multiple. Tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, and Lung abscess have to be differentiated. In congenital cystic lung bronchography delineates the lesions. In the case of singular non-communicating cysts, the dye does not enter the cavity.
Treatment A large singular cysts producing respiratory embarrassment from infancy has to be excised. When the cysts are multiple, surgery is contraindicated. Healing supervision is on the same lines as for bronchiectasis.
Disease of the Pleura and Pulmonary CystsThe BATTLE Continues: Fighting Lung Cancer Video Clips. Duration : 2.47 Mins.
The BATTLE grant consists of an "umbrella trial" plus four phase II clinical trials. To be eligible for the BATTLE trials, patients must have a diagnosis of stage IIIB, stage IV, or advanced, incurable non-small cell lung cancer, confirmed by tumor biopsy and/or fine-needle aspiration, and have received at least one chemotherapy regimen. Umbrella Trial All patients who meet the eligibility criteria are enrolled in the Umbrella trial and undergo a tumor biomarker analysis, the results of which determine assignment to one of the four phase II clinical trials. The goal is to assign a patient to the clinical trial that offers the best benefit based on the characteristics of his/her tissue biomarker profile; in other words, treatment is individualized. Clinical Trials The primary objective of each of the four phase II clinical studies is to determine after the second cycle of treatment (eight weeks) if the patient's disease has progressed. This will be determined by chest X-ray, CT or MRI scan, and optional re-biopsy of the tumor. Patients with no progression of disease will continue on the treatment. Patients whose disease has progressed will not be eligible to continue treatment on that particular study, but will be eligible to pursue other treatments, such as one of the other BATTLE clinical trials: Erlotinib (Tarceva™): Patients will be treated with erlotinib once daily without interruption. A four week (28 days) period of treatment will be considered one cycle of therapy ...
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The lung cancer is divided into two main types. These are non small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. The non small cell lung cancer is additional divided into any types agreeing to the cell structure under the microscope. There are three main types of non small cell lung cancer - squamous cell carcinoma; large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
Squamous cell carcinoma is also known as epidermoid carcinoma. Squamous cells look like thin flat cells under the microscope. Large cell carcinoma can begin from different types of the large cells.
Lung Aspiration
Adenocarcinoma begins from the mucus secreting cells of the alveoli.
Lung Cancer - Non-Small Cell
Pulmonary Cytopathology (Essentials in Cytopathology) Best
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Pulmonary Cytopathology (Essentials in Cytopathology) Overview
This volume will focus on pulmonary cytopathology and be published in the Essentials in Cytopathology book series which will fulfill the need for an easy-to-use and authoritative synopsis of site specific topics in cytopathology. It will focus on current specimen collection and preparation techniques as well as assessment of specimen adequacy and reporting of cytopathologic findings. Presentation of the cytopathologic features and differential diagnoses for benign and malignant diseases of the lung, as depicted in exfoliative, abrasive and fine needle aspiration specimens will be explored. Each disease entity will be discussed with illustration of the spectrum of changes, differential diagnoses and pitfalls.
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The other rare subtypes of non small cell lung carcinoma are carcinoid, pleomorphic and salivary gland carcinoma.
The most base risk factor of lung cancer is smoking persistent smoking increases the risk year by year. Cessation of smoking decreases the risk but risk is never fully gone. Other risk factors comprise exposure to air pollution, radiation therapy, asbestos, radon, chromium, arsenic, soot and tar.
Most of the times the lung cancer is asymptomatic that is without signs and symptoms and is found while the habit radiological examination. The main signs and symptoms comprise persistent cough, difficult breathing, hoarseness of voice, loss of appetite, loss of weight and tiredness. The tests which should be performed for diagnosis and staging of non small cell lung cancer comprise chest radiological examination, Ct scanning, Pet scanning for detection of malignant cells, sputum cytology, fine needle aspiration biopsy, bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy and thoracocentesis.
The features which work on the diagnosis of the disease comprise normal health of the patient, type of the lung cancer and severity of the symptoms.
Lung Cancer - Non-Small CellThe SuperDimension In Reach™ System Video Clips. Duration : 2.15 Mins.
Provided by Alta Bates Summit Medical Center The SuperDimension In Reach™ System provides electromagnetic navigation and access to multiple locations in the lung and mediastinum.
Walking pneumonia, or mycoplasmal pneumoniae, is an illness that every person can get, because it spreads straight through the air very easy if a person infected with the bacteria that causes it sneezes or coughs.
Walking pneumonia is a mild form of the disease that used to kill thousands before the discovery of antibiotics and the pneumonia vaccination, but it can be tricky because most of the people that have it confuse it with influenza, and they use the wrong rehabilitation for it, thus allowing it to advance.
Lung Aspiration
Children under the age of 15 are at a higher risk to get this illness, but every person can have it. It is known that it quickly spreads in schools or army barracks, because in the institutions mentioned above people stay close together and the microorganisms that cause it enter the bodies of many.
understanding Walking Pneumonia Symptoms
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Endobronchial Ultrasound: An Atlas and Practical Guide Overview
Endobronchial ultrasound has received explosive attention amongst pulmonologists, thoracic surgeons and gastroenterologists and the procedure is increasingly being performed. Even though the technology has been in use for over 10 years, technical modifications have just recently lead to the ability for near ubiquitous use. The editors and contributors have all been active in the field for years, are well published and certainly are considered opinion leaders and well-traveled teachers, having offered many courses in bronchoscopy and endobronchial ultrasound.
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Its first indication of illness is a mild sore throat that gets worse as days pass. Then a dry cough shows up. As its name suggests, walking pneumonia does not make the people that have it stay in bed, its effects are not severe so the inpatient can tend to his/her general activities, but this is not recommended if he/she works in an environment with many people. Also, one infected with walking pneumonia will feel a general state of fatigue all the time.
The main problem is that its symptoms are the same with the cold or influenza symptoms. After the coughing a mild fever may also appear, accompanied by a running nose, exactly the same when you have a cold. The first clue that you do not have a simple cold is that the coughing cannot be cured with the regular medication, because the bacteria that cause pneumonia can only be treated with antibiotics. Furthermore, although you took your regular cough medicine, it gets worse and worse until you take antibiotics.
This can make walking pneumonia a tricky, miserable disease, but once it is discovered it can very unquestionably be cured with just a few antibiotics. In a few days it will be gone, but the hard part is to comprehend that you have pneumonia and not just a cold.
Remembering the symptoms and facts mentioned above can spare you of the issue of confusing walking pneumonia with influenza, but the best thing to do if you surmise that you have this illness is to consult your doctor as soon as you see that your cough gets worse although you are taking cough medicine.
understanding Walking Pneumonia SymptomsChapter 109-113 - Moby Dick by Herman Melville Video Clips. Duration : 40.50 Mins.
Chapters 109-113. Classic Literature VideoBook with synchronized text, interactive transcript, and closed captions in multiple languages. Audio courtesy of Librivox. Read by Stewart Wills. Playlist for Moby Dick by Herman Melville: www.youtube.com
Pneumonia Definition: Pneumonia is an acute or lasting disease marked by inflammation of one or both lungs. An inflammation of the lungs caused by viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms and sometimes by corporal and chemical irritants.
The air sacs in the lungs fill with pus and other liquid. Oxygen has issue reaching your blood. If there is too exiguous oxygen in your blood, your body cells can't work properly. Because of this and spreading infection through the body pneumonia can cause death.
Lung Aspiration
Pneumonia can range from very mild to very severe, even fatal. The severity depends on the type of organism causing pneumonia as well as your age and fundamental health.
Pneumonia - Causes, Symptoms and medicine
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Pneumonia may be defined according to location of the lung as:
Lobar Pneumonia (occurs in one lobe of the lung).
Bronchopneumonia (tends to be patchy)
Causes of pneumonia:
Bacteria, Viruses, and Other Causes of Pneumonia
Some of the important bacterial causes are:
Gram-positive bacteria:
The most base cause of pneumonia is the gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (also called S. Pneumoniae or the pneumococcus ).
Staphylococcus (S.) aureus , the other major gram-positive bacterium responsible for pneumonia, accounts for about 2% of community acquired pneumonias . It is linked with viral influenza, and can originate about five days after the onset of flu symptoms.
Streptococcus pyogenes or Group A Streptococcus : This bacteria affects the functions of the lung, which in turns leads to pneumonia.
Gram-Negative Bacteria.
Haemophilus (H.) influenzae is the second most base organism causing community acquired pneumonia.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of pneumonia that occurs in the hospital. It is a base pneumonia in patients with lasting or severe lung disease.
Other gram-negative bacteria that cause pneumonia contain E. Coli , Proteus and Enterobacter .
Viruses: A whole of viruses can cause pneumonia whether directly or indirectly, and contain the following:
Influenza. Pneumonia is the major serious complication of viral influenza (the "flu") and can be very serious.
Respiratory syncytial virus (Rsv). Rsv is a major cause of pneumonia in infants and citizen with damaged immune systems.
Herpesviruses. In adults, herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster (the cause of chicken pox) are ordinarily causes of pneumonia only in citizen with impaired immune systems.
Other possible causes of pneumonia may be:
Pneumonia is caused by an infection or injury to the lower respiratory tract resulting in inflammation. Pneumonia can also ensue from the aspiration of gastric contents, water, or other irritants.
Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling substances, such as caustic chemicals, food or vomit into the lungs. This is known as "aspiration" pneumonia.
Smoking, heavy drinking, heart failure, diabetes, or having a lung disease, such as lasting obstructive pulmonary disease (Copd), also increase the risk of developing pneumonia.
Symptoms of pneumonia:
The symptoms of pneumonia vary from person to person, and few citizen caress all of them.
The possible symptoms may be :
Fever, which may be less base in older adults.
Fast heartbeat is one of the primary indication of illness of pneumonia.
Feeling very tired or feeling very weak .
Loss of appetite may occur in case of pneumonia.
Vague pain under and around the breast bone may occur, but the severe chest pain linked with typical bacterial pneumonia is uncommon.
Patients may caress a severe hacking cough, but it commonly does not furnish sputum.
Cough, often producing mucus from the lungs. Mucus may be rusty or green or tinged with blood.
wheezing
difficulty breathing
Sometimes nausea, vomiting, muscle aches occurs.
Mental confusion.
Coughing up sputum containing pus or blood.
Home remedies for pneumonia:
Parsnip Juice: The juice of parsnip, a root vegetable botanically known as Pastinaca sativa, is very effective for the medicine of pneumonia. Basil: Rub the oil of basil on the chest of the inpatient and give internally the juice of 5 leaves of basil mixed with a exiguous ground black pepper at six hourly intervals. This will induce sweating and relieve the inpatient from pneumonia.
Vegetable Juices: The juice of carrots, in compound with spinach juice, or beet and cucumber juices, helps in the curative process.
Toss the Cigarettes: Smokers are much more likely to originate bronchitis than nonsmokers. If you stop smoking, you may cough up even more mucus for a time, but that's of course a good sign. "It means that your lungs are working to clear themselves out.
Turpentine Oil: The pain of pneumonia can be relieved by rubbing oil of turpentine over the rib cage and wrapping warmed cotton wool over it.
Eat Onions: Onions contain a whole of ingredients, including quercetin, a compound in the bioflavonoid house that may help protect the lungs from infection
Pneumonia - Causes, Symptoms and medicineInkYoshi at lvl 180 Tube. Duration : 4.62 Mins.
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NasalClear is a new battery operated nasal aspirator. It quickly, easily, and safely clears your baby's stuffy nose and helps the baby breathe more freely. The NasalClear aspirator provides you with suction that is stronger than that of a traditional manual aspirator, yet gentle enough to use safely and comfortably on your newborn or toddler. Battery operation lets you control the suction, so that you maintain the suction or release it as needed.
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It comes apart for easy and thorough cleaning and is dishwasher safe. NasalClear includes a plastic collection cup that helps you evaluate your baby's level of congestion. Also, the aspirator plays 12 different children?s tunes to help distract the baby while in use. Requires 2-AA batteries (not included).
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